continuou ARQ

Go-Back-N ARQ AND Selective Repeat ARQ

Go-Back-N ARQ

Go-Back-N ARQ is a specific instance of the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol, in which the sending process continues to send a number of frames specified by a window size even without receiving an acknowledgement (ACK) packet from the receiver. It is a special case of the general sliding window protocol with the transmit window size of N and receive window size of 1.

The receiver process keeps track of the sequence number of the next frame it expects to receive, and sends that number with every ACK it sends. The receiver will discard any frame that does not have the exact sequence number it expects (either a duplicate frame it already acknowledged, or an out-of-order frame it expects to receive later) and will resend an ACK for the last correct in-order frame.  Once the sender has sent all of the frames in its window, it will detect that all of the frames since the first lost frame are outstanding, and will go back to sequence number of the last ACK it received from the receiver process and fill its window starting with that frame and continue the process over again.

Go-Back-N ARQ is a more efficient use of a connection than Stop-and-wait ARQ, since unlike waiting for an acknowledgement for each packet, the connection is still being utilized as packets are being sent. In other words, during the time that would otherwise be spent waiting, more packets are being sent. However, this method also results in sending frames multiple times – if any frame was lost or damaged, or the ACK acknowledging them was lost or damaged, then that frame and all following frames in the window (even if they were received without error) will be re-sent. To avoid this, Selective Repeat ARQ can be used. 

Selective Repeat ARQ

Selective Repeat is one of the automatic repeat-request (ARQ) techniques. With selective repeat, the sender sends a number of frames specified by a window size even without the need to wait for individual ACK from the receiver as in Go-back N ARQ. However, the receiver sends ACK for each frame individually, which is not like cumulative ACK as used with go-back-n. The receiver accepts out-of-order frames and buffers them. The sender individually retransmits frames that have timed out.

Recovery of lost PDUs using Selective Repeat ARQ

The recovery of a corrupted PDU proceeds in four stages:

• First, the corrupted PDU is discarded at the remote node's receiver.
• Second, the remote node requests retransmission of the missing PDU using a control PDU (sometimes called a Selective Reject). The receiver then stores all out-of-sequence PDUs in the receive buffer until the requested PDU has been retransmitted.
• The sender receives the retransmission request and then transmits the lost PDU(s).
• The receiver forwards the retransmitted PDU, and all subsequent in-sequence PDUs which are held in the receive buffer.